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What is the Middleware (Chain of Responsibility) pattern as implemented by Express, and how does the 'next()' function drive it?

Intermediate

Answer

Express middleware implements the Chain of Responsibility pattern: each middleware function receives the request, response, and a 'next' callback, and can either handle the request completely, modify it and pass control to the next function in the chain by calling next(), or short-circuit the chain by sending a response directly -- this lets cross-cutting concerns (authentication, logging, error handling) be composed as small, independent, reorderable functions rather than one large monolithic handler.
app.use((req, res, next) => {
  console.log(`${req.method} ${req.path}`);
  next(); // pass control to the next middleware in the chain
});

app.use((req, res, next) => {
  if (!req.headers.authorization) return res.status(401).end(); // short-circuits the chain
  next();
});
Real-world example An API composes a request-logging middleware, an authentication middleware, and a rate-limiting middleware as three separate, independently testable functions applied in sequence, rather than combining all three concerns into a single large function at the top of every route handler.

Common follow-ups: What happens if a middleware function neither calls next() nor sends a response?;How does error-handling middleware (with four parameters) fit into this same chain-of-responsibility model?

Express & Middleware;Error Handling
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